Alpaca Wool vs Merino vs Cashmere:
Which Is The Best?

Animal Fibers in the Textile Industry: Alpaca, Merino, and Cashmere Compared

The use of animal fibers in textiles stems from their status as a natural, renewable, and biodegradable resource, provided they remain free from chemical treatments [1].

In the textile industry, sheep's wool, such as merino, is not typically classified as a fine animal fiber like alpaca, camel, llama, vicuña, or guanaco. However, it shares the same market for garments made with natural animal fibers. Interestingly, their chemical, physical, and histological properties are remarkably similar, as all these fibers and their derivatives contain a high percentage of sulfur—derived from keratin—making them more resistant to moisture and chemical agents [1,3].

Merino Wool: Is Functionality and Versatility Enough?

Merino wool, a highly functional, technical, and durable fiber primarily used in outdoor clothing, comes from sheep and dominates the market. Over the past 25 years, an average of 1.2 million tons of merino wool has been produced annually from roughly half a million farms spread across 100 countries worldwide [4].

Merino sheep were originally bred in Spain and later introduced to Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and other countries. Given the relatively mild climates of Spain and Australia, these sheep do not endure harsh winters. Merino is considered the finest sheep wool, and today, most Merino sheep farms are located in Oceania, with the extracted wool primarily used to manufacture base-layer garments [4].

The key difference between sheep wools—including merino—and alpaca wool and cashmere, lies in the presence of lanolin, a hydrophobic fat found in merino fibers [5]. While lanolin prevents moisture retention in the garment, it can cause skin irritation by repelling moisture from the skin, further increasing the sensation of heat. Read more about the comparison between alpaca and merino wool here.

Cashmere: The Epitome of Luxury

Cashmere comes from a specific goat species native to Mongolia and to this day is referred to as “soft gold” due to its unparalleled softness. Today, China has joined Mongolia as the leading producers of cashmere goats. [6,7.8]. Studies have shown that cashmere from Asia—specifically China, Mongolia, and Iran—is significantly softer to the touch than cashmere produced in the USA and Oceania [8].

Cashmere is exceptionally warm, soft, and generally considered non-itchy, as goats do not produce lanolin. The warmth of cashmere stems from the crimp of its fibers; the curlier the fiber, the warmer it is [7]. Cashmere boasts this quality, coupled with an incredibly fine fiber diameter, reaching up to 15 microns [1,7].

These qualities make cashmere unsuitable for sportswear, as its delicate fibers are prone to breakage. Cashmere is not a particularly durable fiber, making it less ideal for outdoor activities like trail running, rock climbing, or intense hiking. It is primarily used for elegant sweaters, scarves, occasion wear, and luxury apparel.

Alpaca Wool: The Perfect Blend of Comfort and Adaptability

Alpaca wool seamlessly combines the benefits of merino and cashmere. Highly functional, warm, and durable, it is used in both luxury and outdoor clothing.

The remarkable benefits of alpaca wool originate from millennia of breeding in the high altitudes of the Andes Mountains [1,2,3]. Today, alpacas are raised not only in South America but also in countries like Australia and New Zealand.

The harsh environment of the South American Andes, where alpacas have thrived for centuries, demanded a fiber capable of withstanding drastic temperature fluctuations, from sub-zero temperatures at night to intense solar radiation during the day. Consequently, alpacas naturally adapted, developing microscopic pockets within their fiber cores, resulting in a lightweight fleece that is warmer than merino [3].

Another crucial factor is whether the fibers are medullated. Medullation refers to a central core within the fiber, which can vary in size [3,9,10,11]. This core influences the fiber's properties, such as heat and moisture retention, resilience, and versatility. Merino wool and cashmere are mostly non-medullated although there are exceptions; while alpaca wool is partially medullated [10,11,12]. What does that mean? The presence of a medullation in the fiber makes it warmer, thicker, and more prone to breaking due to the hollow spaces within its fleece, and the absence of a medullation gives it greater softness and heat retention. Alpaca, being partially medullated, has the best of both worlds, making its adaptability an unmatched property.